Many ethical issues pose complex challenges that require careful handling by researchers and stakeholders. These issues include questions related to fairness in the distribution of resources, the protection of vulnerable individuals, and respect for patients ' treatment-related decisions.

These challenges are particularly evident in the context of infectious diseases, where the importance of cooperation between communities and health authorities to respond to crises is highlighted. Responding to these challenges requires a deep understanding of the ethical dimensions associated with public health, reflecting the need to direct efforts towards ensuring the rights and well-being of individuals.